Efecto del tratamiento de la morfología oclusal con materiales para restauraciones preventivas / Effect of treating occlusal morphology with materials for preventive restorations

Introducción: las fosas y fisuras son áreas formadas por delgadas irregularidades de la capa del esmalte de la superficie oclusal. La compleja morfología en dientes posteriores es un determinante biológico asociado al desarrollo de caries. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de diversas formas de tratar la morfología oclusal en la adaptación y penetración de materiales utilizados en restauraciones preventivas. Material y métodos: diseño experimental e in vitro. Sesenta terceros molares fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: surco sin ameloplastia y con ameloplastia; además, contaban con acondicionamiento del esmalte que se subdividió en tres subgrupos: 1) sellador de fosas y fisuras, 2) adhesivo/sellador de fosas y fisuras y 3) adhesivo/ resina Flow. Resultados: los subgrupos adhesivo/sellador y adhesivo/ Flow alcanzaron mayores valores de adaptación íntima a las paredes del surco. Las diferencias fueron significativas entre los materiales (p = 0.0009). Las mayores zonas de desadaptación resultaron para el sellador sin y con ameloplastia. La penetración de los materiales fue mayor en los surcos con ameloplastia. En los surcos tratados con ameloplastia, el adhesivo/Flow reveló el mayor porcentaje de penetración y la mejor adaptación a las paredes del surco. Conclusiones: la penetración del material está positivamente correlacionada con la profundidad del surco. El sellador con y sin ameloplastia mostró pobre adaptación a las paredes del surco (AU)

Introduction: pits and fissures are areas formed by fine irregularities in the enamel layer of the occlusal surface. The complex morphology in posterior teeth are biological determinants associated with the development of caries. Objective: to evaluate the effect of various ways of treating occlusal morphology on the adaptation and penetration of materials used in preventive restorations. Material and methods: experimental design, in vitro. Sixty third molars were randomly distributed into two groups: groove without ameloplasty and with ameloplasty, with enamel conditioning with three subgroups: 1) pit and fissure sealer, 2) adhesive/pit and fissure sealer, 3) adhesive/resin flow. Results: the adhesive/sealant and adhesive/flow subgroups reached higher values of intimate adaptation to the furrow walls. The differences were significant between the materials (p = 0.0009). The largest areas of maladjustment were found for the sealant without and with ameloplasty. The penetration of the materials was greater in the grooves with ameloplasty. In the grooves treated with ameloplasty, the adhesive/flow revealed the highest percentage of penetration and the best adaptation to the walls of the groove. Conclusions: the penetration of the material is positively correlated with the depth of the furrow. The sealant with and without ameloplasty showed poor adaptation to the sulcus walls (AU)

Choreiform movements and basal ganglia calcification as a presentation of Fahr's disease

Basal ganglia calcifications may be a radiological finding in approximately 20% of the general population. When they are associated with neuropsychiatric and motor symptoms in an idiopathic form, they are known as Fahr's disease. They are termed "Fahr's syndrome" when they are secondary to an identifiable and potentially treatable cause. In this report, we present the clinical case of a 69-year-old woman with the onset of subacute chorea, with no other associated symptoms, in whom extensive basal ganglia calcifications were found on neuroimaging, due to which metabolic disorders were subsequently ruled out. The objective is to contribute to the characterization of the potential motor manifestations which would give rise to clinical suspicion. Due to its low incidence and the little information on this condition in the region, we want to encourage documentation of other cases and the process for ruling out other differential diagnoses, in order to obtain more information on its actual epidemiology and signs and symptoms in Colombia. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2635).

Concordancia de los hallazgos citológicos, colposcópicos e histológicos en lesiones premalignas del cuello uterino / Concordance in cytological, colposcopic and histological findings in premalignant lesions of the cervix

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la concordancia de los hallazgos citológicos, colposcópicos e histopatológicos en lesiones premalignas del cuello uterino. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo y comparativo, efectuado en la Clínica de Displasias del Hospital General Regional 1 del estado de Querétaro, México, del 1 de enero a diciembre del 2020, con base en la información de los expedientes de mujeres con reporte citológico, colposcópico e histopatológico (biopsia) de lesión intraepitelial de bajo y alto grado. El plan de análisis estadístico incluyó intervalos de confianza para promedios y porcentajes. Se utilizó el Índice de Kappa ponderado para conocer el nivel de concordancia. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 290 expedientes. La edad promedio de las pacientes fue 36 años, el índice de kappa ponderado fue k = 0.41 (IC95%: 0.33-0.53) para la citología y la colposcopia con un valor moderado (regular). Para la citología y la biopsia fue de k= 0.33 (IC95%: 0.22-0.49) con un valor escaso (medio). En cuanto a la colposcopia y la biopsia fue de k = 0.61 (IC95%: 0.49-0.72) con un valor de buena (sustancial) concordancia. CONCLUSIÓN: Entre la citología y la colposcopia el coeficiente de concordancia fue moderado, para la citología y la biopsia fue escaso, mientras que para la colposcopia y la biopsia fue un sustancial.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the concordance in cytologic, colposcopic and histopathologic findings in premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, retrospective and comparative study, carried out in the dysplasia clinic of the Hospital General Regional 1 of the state of Querétaro, Mexico, from January 1 to December 2020, based on information from the records of women with cytology, colposcopy and histopathology (biopsy) report with low- and high-grade intraepithelial lesion. The statistical analysis plan included confidence intervals for averages and percentages. The weighted Kappa Index was used to determine the level of concordance. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety records were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 36 years, the weighted kappa index was k = 0.41 (95%CI: 0.33-0.53) for cytology and colposcopy with a moderate value (fair). For cytology and biopsy, it was k= 0.33 (95%CI: 0.22-0.49) with a poor value (medium). For colposcopy and biopsy, it was k = 0.61 (95%CI: 0.49-0.72) with a value of good (substantial) agreement. CONCLUSION: Between cytology and colposcopy the concordance coefficient was moderate, for cytology and biopsy it was poor, while for colposcopy and biopsy it was a substantial.

Infección por COVID-19 en pacientes oncológicos y asociación con el tratamiento recibido / COVID-19 infection in cancer patients and association with the antineoplastic treatment

Resumen La evidencia que relaciona la terapia oncológica con la incidencia por COVID-19 varía según el tipo de terapia administrada. La incidencia informada en pacientes que reciben tratamiento oncológico varía entre 1 y 4%. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la incidencia por COVID-19 en pacientes oncológicos en tratamiento activo y evaluar si existe asociación con el esquema recibido. Se utilizó una cohorte retrospectiva que incluyó de forma consecutiva a los pacientes adultos que realizaron tratamiento ambulatorio desde marzo/2020 hasta abril/2021 en un Hospital Público de referencia. El evento principal fue el diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19. La asociación con los tratamientos oncológicos fue evaluada mediante regresión logís tica multivariada ajustando por edad, sexo, localización del tumor, cobertura de salud y localidad de residencia. Se incluyeron 463 pacientes, mediana de edad 58 años (RIC = 47-66), 73.3% (n = 337) mujeres. La incidencia de COVID-19 fue 5.6% (n = 26) con una tasa de mortalidad del 12% (n = 3). El riesgo de infección fue mayor en los que estaban realizando tratamiento únicamente con anticuerpos monoclonales, 14.3% vs. 4.9% (OR-ajustado = 3.3, p = 0.03) y aquellos en tratamiento con inhibidores de puntos de control inmunológicos, 23.1% vs. 5.1% (OR-ajustado = 5.8, p = 0.03). La quimioterapia citotóxica, sola o en combinación con anticuerpos mo noclonales, no presentó mayor riesgo de infección. La edad, sexo, sitio tumoral, cobertura de salud y localidad de residencia no se asoció con la incidencia de COVID-19. En base a nuestros resultados, el tratamiento con anticuerpos monoclonales o inhibidores de puntos de control inmunológicos se asoció con mayor incidencia de infección por COVID-19.

Abstract Evidence linking anticancer therapy with the incidence of COVID-19 varies according to the type of therapy administered. The reported COVID-19 incidence in patients receiving antineoplastic treatment varies between 1 and 4%. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of COVID-19 in cancer patients under active treatment and to assess whether there is an association with the received anticancer therapy. It was a retrospective cohort that consecutively included adult outpatients who underwent treatment in a referral center from March 2020 to April 2021. The primary endpoint was the confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. The association with anticancer treatments was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, tumor site, health coverage status, and place of residence. The sample included 463 patients, the median age was 58 years (IQR = 47-66), 73.3% (n = 337) were women. The incidence of COVID-19 was 5.6% (n = 26) with a mortality rate of 12% (n = 3). The risk of infection was higher in patients undergoing treatment only with monoclonal antibod ies, 14.3% vs. 4.9% (adjusted OR = 3.3, p = 0.03) and those in treatment with immunotherapy, 23.1% vs. 5.1% (adjusted OR = 5.8, p = 0.03). Cytotoxic chemotherapy, alone or in combination with monoclonal antibodies, did not present an increased risk of infection. Age, sex, tumor site, health coverage, and place of residence did not show association with the incidence of COVID-19. Based on our results, treatment with monoclonal antibodies or immunotherapy was associated with a higher rate of COVID-19 infection while chemotherapy did not modify the incidence of COVID-19.

Volumen medio plaquetario como biomarcador de respuesta inflamatoria y su utilidad como indicador temprano de mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 / Median platelet volume as a biomarker of inflammatory response and it's utility as an early indicator of mortality in patients with COVID-19 / Volume medio de plaquetas como biomarcador de resposta inflamatória e sua utilidade como indicador precoce de mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19

Resumen: Introducción: la sepsis es una de las enfermedades mortales más comunes. Ataca tanto a poblaciones de escasos recursos como a los de altos ingresos. En pacientes que cursan con un proceso inflamatorio, el aumento en la concentración de citoquinas proinflamatorias puede conducir a la liberación de plaquetas, lo que conlleva a una disminución en el número de plaquetas y cambio en la morfología plaquetaria. Es importante determinar marcadores que ayuden a identificar de manera económica y fácil acceso para facilitar detección y ayuden a predecir mortalidad. Objetivo: determinar el volumen medio plaquetario como biomarcador de respuesta inflamatoria e indicador temprano de mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte, observacional, prospectivo, comparativo y longitudinal. Resultados: un VMP ≥ 7.4 fL aumentó 3.1 veces la mortalidad entre los seleccionados (IC del 95% 1.3-7.5, p = 0.016). Conclusión: la COVID-19 se comporta como una infección que puede involucrar diversos órganos o sistemas en su anfitrión. Diversos estudios sugieren que los perfiles hematológicos cambian durante el curso del SARS-CoV-2. La producción de plaquetas aumenta a medida que disminuye el recuento de plaquetas. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que permitan aclarar estos mecanismos.

Abstract: Introduction: sepsis is a deadly and common disease. It's one of the few medical conditions that attack's the same and with great ferocity both populations with scarce resources as much as populations with high incomes. In patients with an inflammatory process, the rise in the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines could lead to a release of platelets, which leads afterwards to a diminish in the platelet count and inversely to change in the platelet morphology (rising the size to variable values of mean platelet volume (MPV). It is important to determine early biomarkers that helps identify with an easy and economic way to facilitate detection and help predict mortality. Objective: determine the mean platelet volume as a biomarker of inflammatory response as an early indicator of mortality in patients infected with COVID-19. Material and methods: a cohort, observational, prospective, comparative and longitudinal study was carried out. Results: a MPV ≥ 7.4 fL did increase mortality 3.1 times between the selected patients (IC of 95% 1.3 - 7.5, p = 0.016). Conclusion: COVID-19 behaves like an infection that can involve multiple organs or systems of the host. Many studies suggest that hematologic profiles change during the course of the SARS-CoV-2. The production of platelets rises as it decreases the platelet count. Nevertheless, more studies are needed that allow us to clarify this mechanisms.

Resumo: Introdução: a sepse é uma das doenças fatais mais comuns. É uma das poucas condições médicas que ataca populações em áreas de baixa renda e aquelas de alta renda com igual ferocidade. Em pacientes com processo inflamatório, o aumento da concentração de citocinas pró-inflamatórias pode levar à liberação de plaquetas, que posteriormente leva à diminuição do número de plaquetas e, inversamente, a uma alteração na morfologia plaquetária. É importante determinar marcadores precoces que ajudem a identificar de maneira barata e facilmente acessível para facilitar a detecção e ajudar a prever a mortalidade. Objetivo: determinar o volume plaquetário médio como biomarcador da resposta inflamatória e indicador precoce de mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19. Material e métodos: realizou-se um estudo de coorte observacional, prospectivo, comparativo e longitudinal. Resultados: o VMP não apresentou associação significativa com a presença de resposta inflamatória (área sob a curva [AUC] 0.6011, p = 0.1073). No entanto, um VPM ≥ 7.4 fL aumentou a mortalidade em 3.1 vezes entre os selecionados (IC 95% 1.3-7.5, p = 0.016). Conclusão: a COVID-19 se comporta como uma infecção complexa que pode envolver vários órgãos ou sistemas em seu hospedeiro. Vários estudos sugerem que os perfis hematológicos mudam durante o curso da doença por SARS-CoV-2. A produção de plaquetas aumenta à medida que a contagem de plaquetas diminui. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer esses mecanismos.

Cannabinoids in Neurology - Position paper from Scientific Departments from Brazilian Academy of Neurology / Canabinoides em Neurologia - Artigo de posicionamento dos Departamentos Científicos da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia

ABSTRACT Cannabinoids comprehend endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids, with actions both in the central and peripherical nervous systems. A considerable amount of publications have been made in recent years, although cannabis has been known for over a thousand years. Scientific Departments from the Brazilian Academy of Neurology described evidence for medical use in their areas. Literature is constantly changing, and possible new evidence can emerge in the next days or months. Prescription of these substances must be discussed with patients and their families, with knowledge about adverse events and their efficacy.

RESUMO Os canabinoides compreendem os endocanabinoides, fitocanabinoides e os canabinoides sintéticos e desempenham ações no sistema nervoso central e periférico. Uma quantidade enorme de publicações tem sido lançada nos últimos anos, embora a cannabis seja conhecida por milênios. Os Departamentos Científicos da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia descreveram as evidências do uso médico em suas áreas. A literatura está em constantes mudanças e possíveis novas evidências podem surgir nos próximos dias ou meses. A prescrição dessas substâncias deve ser discutida com os pacientes e suas famílias, com conhecimento sobre eventos adversos e sua eficácia.

Conocimientos y prácticas de salud bucal en embarazadas / Oral health knowledges and practices in pregnant women

La mujer gestante sufre cambios fisiológicos y psicológicos durante los meses de embarazo que pueden derivar en problemas de salud bucal. A través de diversos estudios se observó que múltiples factores actúan como determinantes en lo que a la atención odontológica de la embarazada respecta, entre los cuales se pueden encontrar, la realidad sociocultural de la paciente, su nivel de instrucción educativo, sus conocimientos en cuanto a la atención odontológica, factores de riesgos, entre otros. El profesional odontólogo, tiene en sus manos recursos que pueden ser de gran ayuda por lo que su papel es de suma importancia, desde la educación preventiva, brindando conocimientos técnicos hasta la atención odontológica en sectores vulnerables. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en reunir la evidencia que se corresponda con el análisis de los conocimientos y prácticas de salud bucal en mujeres embarazadas con el fin de organizar los trabajos hallados en un cuerpo de conocimiento fundamentado (AU)

The pregnant woman suffers physiological and psychological changes during the months of pregnancy that can lead to oral health problems. Through various studies it was observed that multiple factors act as determinants regarding dental care of the pregnant woman, among which can be found the sociocultural reality of the patient, her educational level of instruction, her knowledge regarding dental care, risk factors, among others. The dental professional has resources in her hands that can be of great help, so her role is of the utmost importance, from preventive education, providing technical knowledge to dental care in vulnerable sectors. The objective of this work was to gather the evidence that corresponds to the analysis of oral health knowledge and practices in pregnant women to organize the studies found in a well-founded body of knowledge (AU)

Revisión de la literatura: composición salival y su relación con caries dental en embarazadas / Review of the literature: salivary composition and its relationship with dental caries in pregnant women

La saliva es un fluido complejo muy importante en las funciones de la cavidad bucal. El embarazo es un estado normal en el que el embrión se forma y evoluciona durante nueve meses. En este proceso la mujer sufre una serie de cambios fisiológicos y psicológicos. Entre ellos, tiene modificaciones en la saliva y, por consiguiente, en el flujo, pH y concentración de proteínas salivales, que desempeñan un papel importante en la protección contra la infección en los seres humanos. Su nivel en la cavidad oral está sujeto a constantes fluctuaciones que dependen de numerosos factores. El embarazo genera adaptaciones en la fisiología femenina que pueden repercutir en la salud bucal de la gestante. Las afecciones bucales más frecuentes son la caries dental y la gingivitis. Si estas afecciones no son tratadas a tiempo, pueden repercutir en la salud del futuro bebé. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de conocer acerca de los componentes de la saliva y su relación con caries dental en las embarazadas, considerando los tres trimestres de gestación (AU)

Saliva is a complex fluid very important in the functions of the oral cavity. Pregnancy is a normal state in which the embryo forms and evolves for nine months. In this process, women undergo a series of physiological and psychological changes. Among them, it has modifications in saliva and, consequently, in the flow, pH and concentration of salivary proteins, which play an important role in protecting against infection in humans. Its level in the oral cavity is subject to constant fluctuations that depend on numerous factors. Pregnancy generates adaptations in female physiology that can affect the oral health of the pregnant woman. The most common oral conditions are dental caries and gingivitis. If these conditions are not treated in time, they can affect the health of the future baby. A bibliographic review was carried out with the objective of knowing about the components of saliva and its relationship with dental caries in pregnant women, considering the three trimesters of gestation (AU)

Factores de riesgo de complicaciones respiratorias en cirugía oncológica de mama con anestesia total intravenosa / Risk factors of respiratory complications in breast cancer surgery with total intravenous anesthesia

A prospective longitudinal cohort study was performed in patients with breast cancer operated surgically with the use of total intravenous anesthesia in the provincial hospital Carlos Manuel de Céspedes de Bayamo, from the Cauto region during the period from January 1 from 2014 to December 31, 2016, with the aim of identifying the risk factors hypothetically related to the appearance of respiratory complications. It was established that the exposed cohort was constituted by 79 patients who developed complications during the study period and met the inclusion criteria. The diagnosis of respiratory complications was made during the entire surgical procedure and finished. The magnitude of the associations was estimated by calculating the relative risks (RR) of complications. The age of the patient equal to or greater than 65 years, and smoking were the surgical risk factors depending on the patient related to the onset of respiratory complications in breast cancer surgery with total intravenous anesthesia, not alcoholism. Anemia, obesity, low weight and recent respiratory tract infection were surgical risk factors dependent on associated diseases related to the appearance of respiratory complications. The ASA III-IV classification and the surgical time of more than three hours were surgical risk factors related to surgery related to the appearance of respiratory complications.

Se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo de cohorte en pacientes con cáncer de mama intervenidos quirúrgicamente con el empleo de anestesia total intravenosa en el hospital provincial "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes de Bayamo, procedentes de la región del Cauto durante el período comprendido desde el 1ro de enero de 2014 hasta 31 de diciembre de 2016, con el objetivo de identificar los factores de riesgo hipotéticamente relacionados con la aparición de complicaciones respiratorias. Se estableció que la cohorte expuesta estuvo constituida por 79 pacientes que desarrollaron complicaciones en el período de estudio y cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La evaluación del diagnóstico de complicaciones respiratorias se realizó durante todo el procedimiento quirúrgico y terminado éste. La magnitud de las asociaciones se estimó mediante el cálculo de los riesgos relativos (RR) de complicaciones. La edad de la paciente igual o superior a 65 años, y el tabaquismo fueron los factores de riesgo quirúrgico en función del enfermo relacionados con la aparición de complicaciones respiratorias en cirugía oncológica de mama con anestesia total intravenosa, no así el alcoholismo. La anemia, la obesidad, bajo peso y la infección reciente del tracto respiratorio fueron los factores de riesgo quirúrgico dependiente de enfermedades asociadas relacionados con la aparición de complicaciones respiratorias. La clasificación ASA III-IV y un tiempo quirúrgico superior a tres horas se constituyeron en los factores de riesgo quirúrgico en función de la cirugía relacionados con la aparición de complicaciones respiratorias.

Mesiodens en dentición mixta: dos casos clínicos / Mesiodens in mixed dentition: two clinical cases

Dentro de las anomalías dentarias, los dientes supernumerarios son anomalías de número, es decir, hay un aumento de piezas dentarias. Estos dientes pueden presentarse en la línea media (mesiodens), siendo el más común de los dientes; le siguen los premolares, y los molares, por último lugar. Los dientes supernumerarios (mesiodens) tienen una morfología variada, pueden ser dismórficos o cónicos, eumórficos o suplementarios. Su diagnóstico se realiza mediante un estudio radiológico y el plan de tratamiento sugerido es la exodoncia, aunque depende de cada caso en particular. (1) El propósito de este artículo es presentar dos casos clínicos de dientes supernumerarios ubicados en la línea media, de pacientes de 7 y 8 años de edad; uno de los casos presenta un supernumerario con forma conoide, y, el otro, eumórfico que alteraron la oclusión de dichos pacientes; tratados interdisciplinariamente en la Clínica de la Especialidad de Odontopediatría, con los Servicios de Cirugía Máxilo-Facial y de Ortodoncia y Ortopedia Funcional de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste durante 2015-2016 (AU)

Within the dental anomalies, the supernumerary teeth are number anomalies, that is to say that there is an increase of dental pieces. These teeth can appear in the midline (mesiodens), being the most common of the teeth; the premolars follow, and the molars last. The supernumerary teeth (mesiodens) have a varied morphology, they can be dysmorphic or conical, eumorphic or supplementary. The diagnosis is made through a radiological study and the suggested treatment plan is the extraction, although it depends on each particular case.(1) The purpose of this article is to present two clinical cases of supernumerary teeth located in the midline, of patients of 7 and 8 years of age, in which one of the cases presents a supernumerary with conoid and the other eumorphic that altered the occlusion of these patients; which were treated inter-disciplinary in the Clinic of the Specialty of Pediatric Dentistry, with the service of Maxillo-Facial Surgery and the Service of Orthodontics and Functional Orthopedics of the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of the Northeast during the year 2015- 2016 (AU)

Relación de los factores de riesgo y el estado bucodental de niños y adolescentes con Síndrome de Down / Relationship between risk factors and orodental status in children and adolescents with Down´s syndrome

Introducción y objetivos: las personas con Síndrome de Down presentan una variedad de complicaciones médicas y de características odontoestomatológicas específicas, que pueden tener relación directa con la salud oral y con la calidad de vida. Es importante conocer los factores de riesgo en pacientes con Síndrome de Down debe considerarse la presencia de pH alcalino, alto contenido de sodio, calcio, ácido úrico y bicarbonato con una tasa menor de secreción, un medio susceptible de caries dentales y problemas periodontales. El propósito de este trabajo consistió en conocer la relación entre los factores de riesgo y el estado de salud buco-dental en pacientes con Síndrome de Down. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptivo, transversal y clínico. Se consideraron 100 pacientes entre 4 y 26 años con Síndrome de Down y 100 pacientes de la misma edad y género sin Síndrome de Down. A cada uno de los pacientes involucrados, se realizo historia clínica médica y examen dental y se determinó el índice de caries. Se tomó una muestra de saliva para determinar valor del pH salival a través de una tira reactiva colorimétrica. Los datos fueron analizados a partir de tablas de frecuencia y se utilizó la prueba chi cuadrado para significancia en las relaciones, asumiendo un límite de 0,05 para la significación. Resultados: del total de datos analizados, el 60% correspondió al sexo masculino. La prevalencia de caries dental fue 45% (IC95 %:37-53), el pH salival estuvo comprendido entre 5 y 7,5, el índice de O'Leary entre 39% y 99% valores no compatibles con salud. Se encontraron relaciones con significancia estadística entre presencia de flujo salival y pH salival en escolares adolescentes. Conclusiones: los niños y adolescentes con Síndrome de Down presentan factores de riesgo asociado a prevalencia de caries y enfermedad periodontal (AU)

Introduction and objectives: people with Down Syndrome present a variety of medical complications and specific odontostomatological characteristics, which may be directly related to oral health and the quality of life of the affected child. It is of importance to know the risk factors, in patients with Down Syndrome consider the presence of an alkaline pH, high sodium content, calcium, uric acid and bicarbonate with a decreased rate of secretion, a medium susceptible to tooth decay and periodontal problems. The purpose of this study is to know the relationship between risk factors and dental health status in patients with Down syndrome compared to a control group. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional, clinical descriptive research was carried out. The sample comprised 100 patients between 4 and 26 years with Down Syndrome and 100 patients of the same age and gender without Down syndrome. In each of the patients involved, medical history and dental examination and caries index and saliva sample were performed to determine the salivary pH value through a colorimetric test strip. The data were analyzed from frequency tables and the chi-square test was used for significance in the relations, assuming a limit of 0.05 f or significance. Results: of the total population 200, 50% corresponded to people with Down Syndrome and 50% to a control group of people without Down Syndrome distributed in the majority in 60% of males and 40% of sex female. The prevalence of dental caries was 45% (95% CI: 37-53) the salivary pH ranged from 5 to 7.5, the O'Leary index between 39% and 99% values not compatible with health. The sugar moments associated with risk of caries in more than 6 moments of sugar. We found relationships with statistical significance between the presence of salivary flow and salivary pH in adolescent students. Conclusions: children and adolescents with DS present risk factors associated with the prevalence of caries and periodontal disease (AU)

Estudio clínico-epidemiológico en niños con labio paladar hendido en un hospital de segundo nivel / Clinical-epidemiological study in children with cleft lip palate in a secondary-level hospital

Resumen: Introducción: El padecimiento de labio paladar hendido es una de las alteraciones congénitas más comunes que afecta las estructuras de la cara. El objetivo de este trabajo fue generar el perfil epidemiológico y clínico de la población con LPH atendida en el Hospital de Especialidades del Niño y la Mujer Dr. Felipe Núñez Lara de la Secretaría de Salud del estado de Querétaro, México, en el periodo de 2011-2014, a través de la Clínica de Labio Paladar Hendido, para brindar tratamientos interdisciplinarios a los pacientes con esta afección con base en la información de los expedientes registrados en el periodo mencionado. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal, retrospectivo usando análisis univariado con frecuencias para variables cualitativas, y estadísticas centrales y de dispersión para variables cuantitativas y perfil clínico. Se revisaron 100 expedientes; se descartaron 15 por tratarse de casos sindrómicos. Las variables estudiadas fueron sociodemográficas, epidemiológicas y clínicas. Resultados: Se presentan los perfiles epidemiológicos (variables relativas al embarazo de la madre y salud del paciente al momento de su nacimiento, desarrollo nutricional y psicomotor; antecedentes heredo-familiares y presencia de adicciones; datos socioeconómicos familiares) y clínicos (clasificación del padecimiento por sexo, estructura y lado de afectación; clasificación de las cirugías y orden en que se efectuó el procedimiento) de la población considerada. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio mostraron la necesidad de estandarizar el registro de datos en expedientes para mejorar el seguimiento y tratamiento de los pacientes y enfatizar en acciones preventivas que permitan mantener la baja incidencia del labio paladar hendido en Querétaro.

Abstract: Background: One of the most common congenital disorders that affects the facial structures is the cleft lip palate (CLP). The aim of this study was to generate the clinical-epidemiological profile of CLP patients from Hospital de Especialidades del Niño y la Mujer (HENM) Dr. Felipe Nuñez Lara, from the Ministry of Health, Queretaro, Mexico, from 2011 to 2014, who received treatment from the Cleft Lip Palate Clinic in order to provide interdisciplinary treatments for CLP patients based on the information from the pediatric records. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study using univariate analysis frequencies for qualitative variables; central statistical and dispersion for quantitative variables and clinical profile. One hundred records were reviewed, from which 15 were discarded for being syndromic cases. Epidemiological, clinical, and socio-demographic variables were studied. Results: The epidemiological profile (variables associated with mother's pregnancy, patient's health at birth, nutritional and psychomotor development; family medical records, addictions, and socioeconomic factors) and clinical profile (disease classification by sex, structure, and side; surgeries classification and order in which they took place) of the treated population were registered. Conclusions: The results showed the need to standardize the data registration on medical records to improve the monitoring and treatment of patients and emphasize actions to maintain low incidence of CLP in Queretaro.

Neurological complications and death in children with dengue virus infection: report of two cases

Abstract Background Dengue virus infection can have different complications; the best known is hemorrhagic dengue fever. However, other effects such as neurological disorders may endanger the lives of patients. Dengue neurological manifestations can be confused with encephalitis symptoms and can lead to cerebral edema and death. Therefore, we consider important in the endemic areas to take into account the diagnosis of dengue encephalitis in patients with neurological disorders, and to request the determination of serology in cerebrospinal fluid for the NS1 antigen test. Case presentation We present the cases of two patients from the state of Morelos, Mexico, with 17 and 14 years of age. Both cases presented a rapid evolution characterized by fever, seizures and neurological deterioration secondary to severe cerebral edema that evolved to cerebral death in both cases. The diagnosis of brain death was confirmed by electroencephalogram in both patients. The two patients were submitted to serology for NS1 that tested positive in both cases. They died between the second and fifth day after admission. Conclusions Retrospective studies have found that up to 4% of the patients have dengue virus infections, which leads us to believe that in endemic areas, this infection should be suspected in cases of encephalic and febrile symptoms. RT-PCR should be performed to identify cases of encephalitis caused by the dengue virus, and early interventions should be performed to attempt to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these cases.

Neurological complications and death in children with dengue virus infection: report of two cases

Background Dengue virus infection can have different complications; the best known is hemorrhagic dengue fever. However, other effects such as neurological disorders may endanger the lives of patients. Dengue neurological manifestations can be confused with encephalitis symptoms and can lead to cerebral edema and death. Therefore, we consider important in the endemic areas to take into account the diagnosis of dengue encephalitis in patients with neurological disorders, and to request the determination of serology in cerebrospinal fluid for the NS1 antigen test. Case presentation We present the cases of two patients from the state of Morelos, Mexico, with 17 and 14 years of age. Both cases presented a rapid evolution characterized by fever, seizures and neurological deterioration secondary to severe cerebral edema that evolved to cerebral death in both cases. The diagnosis of brain death was confirmed by electroencephalogram in both patients. The two patients were submitted to serology for NS1 that tested positive in both cases. They died between the second and fifth day after admission. Conclusions Retrospective studies have found that up to 4% of the patients have dengue virus infections, which leads us to believe that in endemic areas, this infection should be suspected in cases of encephalic and febrile symptoms. RT-PCR should be performed to identify cases of encephalitis caused by the dengue virus, and early interventions should be performed to attempt to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these cases.(AU)

Relación de los niveles de caries y Ph salival en pacientes adolescentes / Relathionship between caries levels and salivary pH in adolescent patients

El presente estudio se realiza con el propósito de conocer la relación entre la presencia de caries y pH salival en adolescentes con edades comprendidasentre 10 y 20 años. La muestra estuvo constituida por dos grupos: uno incluyó pacientes con caries que asistieron a la Facultad de Odontología UNNE parasu atención durante el ciclo lectivo 2012; y el otro sin caries, alumnos de 2º año de la Carrera de Odontología,ambos con la misma edad y género.El pH en pacientes con un índice de caries de 4.5 varió entre 5 y 7, siendo el intervalo de referencia normal 6,5 y en los pacientes que no manifestaron caries el pH osciló entre 6.5 y 7. Los resultados del estudio están orientados a la prevención y promoción de la salud en la educación y concientización de este grupo vulnerable...

La saliva: una mirada hacia el diagnóstico / Saliva: a look on diagnosis

La saliva juega un importante rol en la prevención y mantenimiento de la salud oral. La alteración del flujo salival es un factor clave en el desarrollo de diversas patologías e infecciones oportunistas en lacavidad bucal. Existen diversos caminos por los que algunos elementosque no son constituyentes y habituales de la saliva pueden llegar a ella, a través de rutas intracelulares y extracelulares; gracias a esta posibilidad, se abre una perspectiva para su aplicación en el diagnósticode determinadas patologías. El conocimiento de su composición y funciones ayudará a promoveren los profesionales una mayor conciencia del papel de la saliva en la prevención de patologías y mantenimiento de la salud oral.

Saliva plays an important role in the preventionand maintenance of oral health. Alterationof salivary flow is a key factor in the developmentof various diseases and opportunistic infectionsin the oral cavity.There are various way by which some elementsthat are not common constituents of saliva canreach it through intracellular and extracellularroutes; thanks to this possibility, a prospectfor application in the diagnosis of certainpathologies opens. The knowledge of itscomposition and functions, help promoteprofessionals, greater awareness of the roleof saliva in the prevention of diseasesand maintenance of oral health.

Facial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea

Objective: This study aimed at assessing the relationship between facial morphological patterns (I, II, III, Long Face and Short Face) as well as facial types (brachyfacial, mesofacial and dolichofacial) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients attending a center specialized in sleep disorders. Methods: Frontal, lateral and smile photographs of 252 patients (157 men and 95 women), randomly selected from a polysomnography clinic, with mean age of 40.62 years, were evaluated. In order to obtain diagnosis of facial morphology, the sample was sent to three professors of Orthodontics trained to classify patients' face according to five patterns, as follows: 1) Pattern I; 2) Pattern II; 3) Pattern III; 4) Long facial pattern; 5) Short facial pattern. Intraexaminer agreement was assessed by means of Kappa index. The professors ranked patients' facial type based on a facial index that considers the proportion between facial width and height. Results: The multiple linear regression model evinced that, when compared to Pattern I, Pattern II had the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) worsened in 6.98 episodes. However, when Pattern II was compared to Pattern III patients, the index for the latter was 11.45 episodes lower. As for the facial type, brachyfacial patients had a mean AHI of 22.34, while dolichofacial patients had a significantly statistical lower index of 10.52. Conclusion: Patients' facial morphology influences OSA. Pattern II and brachyfacial patients had greater AHI, while Pattern III patients showed a lower index.

Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre os padrões morfológicos faciais e tipos faciais (braquifacial, mesofacial e dolicofacial) com a Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (AOS) em pacientes de um centro especializado em distúrbios do sono. Métodos: foram utilizadas fotografias faciais de frente, perfil e sorriso de 252 indivíduos, selecionados aleatoriamente entre pacientes que procuraram uma clínica especializada em polissonografia. Para o diagnóstico morfológico facial, a amostra foi enviada a três professores de Ortodontia treinados na classificação do padrão facial, e cada um recebeu a orientação para classificar o padrão facial da seguinte forma: 1 = Padrão I, 2 = Padrão II, 3 = Padrão III, 4 = Padrão Face Longa e 5 = Padrão Face Curta. A concordância interexaminadores foi avaliada por meio do Índice Kappa. O diagnóstico do tipo facial foi estabelecido por meio de um índice facial que leva em consideração a proporção entre a largura e altura da face. Resultados: no modelo de regressão linear múltipla, ficou evidenciado que o Padrão II teve a capacidade de agravar o índice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH) em 6,98, enquanto os pacientes do Padrão III tinham esse índice atenuado em 11,45. Para o tipo facial, os pacientes braquifaciais apresentaram um IAH médio de 22,34, enquanto o grupo classificado como dolicofacial mostrou um índice menor, de 10,52, com significância estatística. Conclusão: o desenho morfológico facial se mostrou um considerável fator de agravamento ou proteção da SAOS, onde os indivíduos Padrão II e braquifaciais tiveram IAH maiores, enquanto nos pacientes Padrão III esse índice foi reduzido.

Análisis de las demoras en salud en personas que enfermaron de gravedad o fallecieron por dengue en cinco ciudades de Colombia / Análise das demoras no atendimento em saúde em pessoas gravemente doentes ou que morreram de dengue em cinco cidades na Colômbia / Analysis of delays in healthcare in people seriously ill or dead from dengue in five cities in Colombia

Objetivo: Identificar demoras en la atención médica de personas que fallecieron o se recuperaron de dengue grave en cinco ciudades de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cualitativo sobre personas que fallecieron por dengue (casos) o que se recuperaron (controles). Se entrevistó a los familiares y se analizaron sus itinerarios de búsqueda de atención en salud. Los datos fueron analizados desde el modelo de las "tres demoras", complementado con diagramas espacio-temporales y entrevistas a profesionales de salud. Resultados: A pesar de desconocer signos y síntomas, se buscó atención rápidamente. Para acceder a la primera consulta el recorrido no representó dificultades. Se presentaron fallas en la calidad del diagnóstico y un mayor número de instituciones consultadas en los casos que en los controles. Se evidenció un proceso de retorno a la demora 1 que puede influir negativamente en futuras decisiones en salud. Conclusiones: Complementar el análisis clásico de demoras con el análisis espacio-temporal de los itinerarios permite visibilizar fallas y aciertos en la calidad de la atención y aportar a la toma de decisiones.

Objetivo: Identificar demoras no atendimento em saúde de pessoas que faleceram ou se recuperaram de dengue grave em cinco cidades da Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Estudo qualitativo com pessoas que faleceram em decorrência da dengue (casos) ou que se recuperaram (controles). Entrevistaram-se familiares e analisaram-se seus itinerários durante o processo de procura de atendimento nos serviços de saúde. Os dados foram analisados baseados no modelo das "três demoras", complementado com diagramas espaço-temporais e entrevistas com profissionais de saúde. Resultados: Ainda que os signos e sintomas fossem desconhecidos, procurou-se atendimento rapidamente. O percurso para o acesso à primeira consulta não apresentou dificuldades. Apresentaram-se erros na qualidade do diagnóstico e identificou-se maior número de instituições consultadas em casos do que em controles. Evidenciou-se um processo de retorno à demora 1, fato que pode influir negativamente em decisões futuras. Conclusões: Complementar a análise clássica de demoras com a análise espaço-temporal de itinerários permite identificar falhas e acertos na qualidade do atendimento para a tomada de decisões.

Objective: Identify delays in receiving healthcare in cases of patients who either recovered from or died due to severe dengue in five Colombian cities. Method: Qualitative study with deceased persons from dengue (cases) or that recuperated (controls). Family members were interviewed and their itineraries were analyzed. The data was analyzed from the "three delay" model, complemented with spatiotemporal diagrams and interviews to health professionals. Results: Despite not knowing signs and symptoms, attention was rapidly sought. There were no difficulties accessing the route to the first consultation There were flaws in the quality of diagnosis and a higher number of institutions were consulted in cases than in controls. It was evidenced a return to delay 1 that could negatively influence future health decisions. Conclusions: Complementing the delay analysis with spatiotemporal analysis of the itineraries permits the visualization of flaws and successes in the quality of care for decision-making.

Complejo Esclerosis Tuberosa: diagnóstico en la edad adulta / Tuberous sclerosis complex diagnosed during adulthood

El complejo esclerosis tuberosa es una genodermatosis de herencia autosómico dominante, producido por mutaciones en dos genes supresores tumorales llamados TSC1 y TSC2. Se caracteriza por el desarrollo de múltiples hamartomas en distintos órganos de la economía, entre ellos la piel. El diagnóstico es clínico, pero puede verse demorado debido a la variedad fenotípica entre pacientes, incluso dentro de un mismo grupo familiar, ya que muchas veces las manifestaciones de la enfermedad son sutiles. Se presenta un caso clínico diagnosticado en la edad adulta, donde los angiofibromas faciales alertaron sobre esta condición. Posteriormente se sumaron otros signos dermatológicos y sistémicos que permitieron confirmarla...